Major programmes are just scaled-up projects. Do you agree or disagree Assignment

Major programmes are just scaled-up projects. Do you agree or disagree with this statement Explain your answer with reference to the implications for Major Programme Managers - Assignment Example I am absolutely sure a programme manager faces complementary challenges to managing various project leaders. This assignment will examine why major programmes cannot be termed as scale-up projects, and the implications on a major programme manager. Programmes cannot and should not be treated as scale-up projects. After performing a comparative biometric study of 517 program articles and a 1164 project articles published in the last 21 years in leading scientific business journals, Artto, Martinsuo, Gemunden, Murtuaro; found that projects relate dominantly to the product development theme, but programs relate to a wide variety of management themes. Examples include; manufacturing, quality, organizational change, change in work and industry, and product development. The level of analysis with programs seems to be an organization and its major parts. Project articles, on the other hand, seem to focus on single project level issues. The object of programmes is the change of a permanent organization. With projects, the permanent organization is a given factor that dictates criteria and enablers for project success (Artto, Martinsuo, Gemunden, Murtuaro, 2007). A programme manager faces organizational outcomes related challenges. The major challenge of the programme manager is the coordination of structures and processes used to manage multiple inter-related projects in the organization (Partington, Pellegrinelli, Toung, 2004). Programmes are a collection of change actions that might include both projects and non-project actions (Thiry, The Wiley Guide). Programme managers are accountable for the running of major functions in the corporation. They ensure the horizontal integration of projects and processes for the formulation of business strategies. They are also responsible for the vertical integration approach of projects across the project portfolio. Closing, through governance, the gap between corporate goals and product

Poverty in developed Countries Research Proposal

Poverty in developed Countries - Research Proposal Example Poverty is a worldwide problem that is faced by not only developing but also developed states of the world. Poverty is a condition that is problematic. It is related to inability of fulfilment of necessities such as food, shelter, clothing, education, health security and employment. Poverty is linked to many other problems such as death, diseases, inequality, over population and many other problems. Developed countries are those countries that are considered financially stable and sound. The developed countries are regarded as able to control the problem of poverty of their countries but this is not true as poverty is quite prominent there. This paper contains a description related to the poverty in developed countries. Initially poverty is defined. Afterwards, developed countries are described and then, there is a detailed account of poverty in developed countries and lastly, the topic is concluded. Poverty can be defined as a condition when people are unable to meet their day to day needs and are also unable to get the basic necessities of life such as food, shelter and clothing (Smeeding, et, al., 1990). Poverty also incorporates the capacity of obtainment of suitable employment, suitable education and equal rights. Poverty is considered as a condition, in which people can not avail the necessities of life. Good and healthy food, pure water, good clothes and a secure house to live, are the basic requirements of each and every human being (Rector and Johnson, 2004). Many people are unable to fulfil their requirements on the basis of their being poor. The poor people are unable to gather a good income with the help of which, they can buy or get the necessities of their life. Their children are unable to get good education. They along with their children are unable to get the required medical facilities because of the lack of income (Smeeding, et, al., 1990). They try to live in conditions that are unsafe for them and their children because they

Free Speech and the Defamation Bill 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Free Speech and the Defamation Bill 2012 - Essay Example The law of the press only draws the parameters that the press should confine itself to, when broadcasting information. That libel and privacy laws do not wrongly restrict the work of the press is underscored by the fact that the press in its existence and functions does so in light of tort. This is to the effect that the press owes the society duty of care, when handling information, so that it is obligated to eschew using information in a manner that is injurious to an individual, group or organisation’s reputation, character or person. Tweed1 posits that the law acknowledges the duty of care that the press owes the society, so that there is no threshold left for dabbling in acts of libel and privacy violations. All acts that govern dissemination by the press do not make provisions for libel and privacy violations. For instance, even the Freedom of Information Act 2000 creates the right of the public to access information, but this information is limited to that which is held by public authorities and thereby precluding information pertaining to individuals. The Data Protection Act 1998 also governs the protection of personal information in the UK, and thereby limiting space for slander, defamation and breach of privacy by the press. In like manner, UK Stationery Office2 and UK Parliament3 observe that the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003 as a UK law legally proscribes the transmission of automated recorded messages, without prior consent of the subscriber. Herein, this law makes it clear that transmission of automated recorded telephone messages for direct marketing purposes outside the subscriber’s permission is not only an infringement of that subscriber’s privacy, but is also illegal. That the law on libel and privacy violation does not limit the work of the press, is a matter that is well confirmed by the fact that they (the laws) have exceptions that safeguard media practices to the same effect. This is exemplif ied by the case laws Greene v Associated Newspaper (2004) and Bonnard v Perryman (1893). Particularly, in the latter, the court of law ruled that judges are not to stop defamatory allegations that are circulated, in the event that the would-be publisher is ready to defend them (in a court of law), unless it is express that no defence is to succeed at trial4. Again, the issue of Civil Liberty extends to not only include the freedom of speech, conscience, property ownership, movement and the right to assembly, but also to also include the right to privacy and dignity. Thus, the law of libel and privacy are not in existence to muzzle the media, but exists to maintain the boundaries that define the freedom of the press and to harmonise it with human freedoms and rights. The Defamation Bill 2012 The idea that the Defamation Bill 2012 is inadequate to deal with the restrictions on Press freedom is not true, since the bill has made provisions that are more in favour of the press than the i ndividual, a group or an organisation. First, the veracity of the standpoint immediately above is premised on the fact that in essence, the Defamation Bill 2012 was chiefly made to strike a balance between the right to protection of reputation and freedom of expression and therefore makes substantive amendments to the law of defamation, without necessarily

The pros and cons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The pros and cons - Essay Example This implies that it is up to the students to cultivate a positive attitude that will enable them make use of the available resources including the tutoring programs available and professors’ abilities. Amongst the most important duties for students is to ensure that they fully and actively participate in each and every class. For this to be effective, students have to prepare for their class session by carrying extensive personal studies. A lecturer might work hard to create a new Communications 100 class to help students prepare for the SPEECH 100/102 but if the students are not willing to study and prepare for the class, it would be of no use and as the old saying goes, one can lead a horse to water but cannot force it to drink the water. The notion that only students who have completed or exempted from ENG088 and ENG 094 can register for SPE 100/102 can therefore do not apply because their passing or exemption is not a guarantee that they will pass the SPEECH 100/102. Simply, if all students in SPEECH 100/102 try to do their best and follow their professor’s direction well, failing and dropping-out will not take place. SPE102 is taught with sufficient and efficient directions from the professors thus making it easier to catch up in class without the need for a remedial or a developmental class. Before students prepare for any speech, the professor involved gives specific directions and sets of examples to aid them in their speech. The professor also encourages the students and helps them to gain confidence and deal with nervousness. Personally, my professor Ritchery Lee, clearly explains to us what we are suppose to do and elaborates using specific examples. For instance, at the begging of this semester, he explained how we are supposed to prepare our speeches using visual aids and mind-control skills. I also realized that every time we moved to a different speech, he became more specific and gave us specific instructions. At one time before we made

Down with Mosquitoes and Malaria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Down with Mosquitoes and Malaria - Essay Example However, these areas mainly act as mosquitos’ breeding site and therefore people living in around such areas have been found to be the most affected by malaria cases. Several methods such as use of spraying insecticides and depositing pesticide chemicals in water bodies have been used in the past. However, since these methods are not environmental friendly the need to develop other methods of fighting malaria is imminent. In the modern day there has been some advancements such as use of surfactants among other chemical methods. Surfactants are mainly used in water catchment areas to prevent mosquito breeding. Surfactants comprise of elements that are both soluble and insoluble in water hence the ability to diffuse in water. Furthermore, surfactants adsorb between air and water molecules or molecules of two mixed liquids such as water and oil. This aspect of adsorption forms the basis of using surfactants to prevent mosquito breeding due to the ability to form emulsifications. Surfactants reduce the surface tension of between liquids and or between a liquid and a solid. As a result they can be used in mosquito breeding areas since reduced surface tension makes the mosquitos to drown. Additionally surfactants are organic therefore they do not cause environmental pollution and can hence be considered an efficient method of preventing mosquito breeding. However, use of surfactants in large quantities may have negative environmental effects hence their use is relatively restricted. Some common examples of surfa ctants are detergents and medicinal lotions. In addition, researchers have come up with a way of suing heparin to fight malaria. This process involves reducing activity of PfEMP1,which facilitates binding of uninfected RBCs by infected RBCs, by using heparin since it engulfs the infected cells hence preventing the binding.. When red blood cells (RBCs) are infected by malaria parasites they cling to the walls of blood vessels allowing these parasites to

Rabies street virus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rabies street virus - Essay Example This is a viral malady usually characterized by varied and unusual aggressive behaviors in warm-blooded animals (Jackson, 2013, pp 5). Its transmission occurs from one species to another, for instance, infected dogs to human beings through a simple bite (Campbell, 2012). In human beings, rabies turns out to be a dangerous contagion if there are no administrations of necessary medications prior to the commencement of various symptoms that may result to death of the ailing person (Acton, 2012). Mainly, in human beings this malady invades and damages central nervous system ultimately leading to death. The disease finds its way to the brain through the tangential nerve ways (Jackson, 2013, pp 45). In humans, the incubation period of the disease mainly takes few months though time is entirely determined by distance navigated by the viral agent to central nervous system (Jackson, 2009). According to the studies so far contacted, once rabies virus ultimately reaches the central nervous syst em and symptoms begin to reveal themselves, the infection is generally difficult to treat and eventually leads to death with very few days (Jackson, 2009). However, since the discovery of the disease, doctors have frequently recorded a survival rate of only 8% of all reported cases after biting incidence (Acton, 2012).. Transmission All warm-blooded entities can acquire this contagion via viral agent, which exhibits signs of the disease and spreads to other people via biting (Campbell, 2012). Studies cite monkeys, cats, bats, raccoons, cattle and dogs pose greater risks of infection to numerous unsuspecting humans (Wilde, 2010). In most cases, this disease’s agent resides in nerves and saliva of the host, hence making the host being a potential reservoir of the complication once the animal bites human beings. This explains unusual anxiety and aggressive behavior portrayed by a rabid animal since they often attack without provocation to facilitate the contagion’s transm ission to other organisms (Acton, 2012). However, transmission of human-to-human is very rare though there are few cases so far recorded during transplant surgery of various body tissues (Kumar, 2008, pp3). After infection through biting by the host, the virus enters victim’s body where it invades peripheral nervous system parts before finding its way to the central nervous system (Ainsworth, 2009). This prompts the act of identifying the malady in the infected person’s body turning to be big challenge because symptoms professed are often confused with those of other diseases (Wilde, 2010). On reaching the brain, the agent causes encephalitis marking the onset of varied severe signs (Wilde, 2010). In this stage, medical procedures may prove to be ineffective due to advanced state of the ailing person prompting one to be at risk of dying (Wilde, 2010). Symptoms It takes an average of 2 to 12 weeks for the first flu like symptoms to appear after infection (Kumar, 2008, p p 22). Additionally, the incubation period takes varied periods depending on the wound’s severity as well as the amount of complication causing agents that has entered the body via biting ((Kumar, 2008). In early stages of rabies development, the disease usually exhibits itself through varied symptoms in human beings (Dessain, 2008, pp10). For instance, one may start experiencing recurrent headaches, fever and depression in every stage (Eden, 2009). As the disease progresses, a person experiences severe muscle pains, aggressive body movements, sudden and unusual excitement as well as being hydrophobia. Other symptoms include increased saliva production, which suggests drinking anything may cause serve and painful

Equal Pay for Women Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Equal Pay for Women - Research Paper Example There are different factors or causes of the pay gap between the two genders such as education, skills, discrimination, and experience. In this paper, we will discuss why the pay gap exists and how that pay gap affects the lives of women in our societies. Common Factors of Pay Gap Let us discuss some of the most common factors of pay gap in order to get a better understanding of the issue. Talent and Confidence Talent of women is one of the most influencing factors regarding the difference in the pay gap between men and women. In most of the societies, women are not considered equal to men. Women are considered less talented and less skilled as compared to men. It is really a misconception because talent and skills have no concern with the gender of a person. Many women in the history have performed exceptional roles in various fields of life. We can take examples of Annie Easley, Henrietta Swan Leavitt, and Rita Levi-Montalcini who marked their names in the list of most talented wom en scientists of the world. Therefore, we cannot say that skills and talent of women are less as compared to men in any field of life. Most of the employers do not prefer to hire women because they consider women less productive. Women also face sexual harassments and different kinds of discrimination during their jobs, which discourages them from going out to do some job. Such women usually do not have much confidence to report any incident related to harassment or wage discrimination to the higher authorities. The less confidence of women is one of the most critical elements behind the pay differences, which exists between men and women. Some employers think that women are not confident enough to face major challenges that occur during jobs. They think that male employees have more ability to face the challenges as compared to female employees and that is one of the reasons for why employers offer high wages to male employees and comparatively low wages to female employees. Employ ment Opportunities Another factor behind the pay differences is employment opportunities for men and women. Employers think that men usually have more employment opportunities and they can get alternate jobs easily whereas women do not have enough job opportunities So, the employers offer high wages to male employees in order to retain them. The governments of most of the countries are also responsible for creating such pay gaps between the two genders. It is the responsibility of the governments to provide equal employment opportunities to both men and women in order to reduce the pay differences. Governments need to understand the importance of work for women because in the present world, it is not easy for men to work alone in order to earn for their families. Women need to provide financial help to their husbands in order to run the cycle of life but when there will be less job opportunities and low pay scales for women; they will not be able to support their husbands in a prope r way. Therefore, governments should take steps to reduce the pay gaps that occur due to less employment opportunities for women. Pay Gap Due To Color The pay gap, which exists between the two genders, is significantly wider in case of women of color. â€Å"